Computer Fundamental

Computer:-> Computer Is An Electronic Device That Take Input And Perform The Particuler Process And Provide The Data  And Also Store The Data In Memory.

                 Computer Is An  Calculation  Device That Used For Perform The       Calculatoin On Data              

Advantage Of Computer-:>                                                

1.     Speed – Perform Fast Calculation

2.     Accuracy – Provide 100% Accurates Result

3.     Versatile- Perform Any Types Of Work Without Tired

4.     Deligence- Wotirrk 24 Hour Without Tired

5.     Storage -  Store Large Amount Of Data

6.     No Iq- No Self Decision Power

7.   No Emotion- No Felings

Type  Of Computer-:> 

1.    Analog Computer-:>

Ø The Anlog Computer Are These Computer That Works On Analog Signal

Ø The Analog Signal Provide Diffirent Value Of Different Point

Ø It Is Used In Weather Fore Casting Area

2.    Digital Computer-:>

v The Digital Computer Work On Digital Signal

v The Digital  Signal Provide Fix Value Of Any Point-0 Or 1(Binary)

v Digital Computer Used In Scientific Research Light

v Controlling ,Rocket And Other Area

3.    Hybrid Computer-:> The Hybrid Computer Is  Combination Of Analog And Digital Computer That Used Bussiness And In  Medical Area

Generation Of Computer:

 

1st Generation-(1945-1956)-:>

Ø Made By Vaccume Tube And Volves

ð Processing Speed Is Slow

ð Used In Bussiness Calculation

ð Generates More Heats

ð Consume More Power And Space

ð Calculation Time Is Very Slow

ð Provide Result Opprox One Week

ð Work On Single Process Of A Time

ð Some Computers Are Abacus

Eniac= Electronic Numrical Integrator And Calculatoin

Univac= Universal Calculation

2nd Generation (1955-1970-75)-:>

Ø Made By Transisters ,Register,And Capsiters

Ø Processing Speed Is Better Than 1^st Generation Computer

Ø Large In Size

Ø Use Assembaly Launguage For Manage The Processing

Ø Use Megnatic Drum For Store The Data

Ø Input Is Perform By Using Punch Card And Outputis Generated By Printing On The Paper

3rd Generation (1971-Onward)-:>

Ø Made By Using Integrated Circuit (I.C.)

Ø Used Operating System For The Manage The Working Of Computer

Ø Mouse And Keyboard Is Used For Input And Monitor Is Used For Output

Ø Speed Of Computer Calculation Is Fast

Ø Size Of Computer Is Reduce

Ø Eg. Desktop Coomputer        

4^thgeneration(1981-Onward)-:>

Ø Made By Vlsi(Very Large Scale Integration) Technology

Ø Very Fast Proseccing

Ø Size Is Very Small

Ø Eg. Laptop, Pda, Tablet

5^th Generation -:>

Ø It Is Future Generation Computer

Ø Used In Scientific Research And Artificial Inteligence

Ø It Used Ultra Large Scale Integration (Ulsi)

                      Type Of I.C.( Integrated Circuit)-:>

            There Are Two Type Of I.C.

1.    Dual In Line I.C

2.    Pin Grid Array I.C.

Ø Dual In Line I.C.-:>

 

     

v Only Parallel Side  Pins Available

v 24 Pins Are Used

Ø Pin Grid Array I.C.-:>

v Sorround By Pins

v 144 Pins Are Available

                          Category Of I.C.-:>

1.  S.S.I.- Small Scale Integration   è  100 Circuit

2. M.S.I.- Medium Scale Integration è  1000 Circuit

3. L.S.I.- Large Scale Integration è 10000 Circuit.

4. V.L.S.I- Very Large Scale Integration è100000 Circuit

5.  V.V.L.S.I- Very Very Large Scale Integration è  1000000 Circuit

6. U.L.S.I-: Ultra Very Large Scale Integration è               Above (10000000)

       Category Of Computer –(Acc. To Size And Processing) –:>

1) Micro Computer

2) Mini Computer

3) Menframe Computer

4) Super Computer

Ø Micro Computer-:   The Micro Computer Is Those Computer Which Is Work On Digital Data. The Micro Computer Is Made By The Micro Processor. The Micro Computer Work On 8bit To 64 Bit Data Path.1^st Micro Computer Was Eniac

  Some Micro Computer Are Laptop,Desktop, Tablet,Personal Digital Assitonces(Pda),Palmtop Etc.

Ø Mini Computer-:> The Mini Computer Is Used In Bussiness Calculation And Also Used For Perform The Finencial Calculation. The Computer Work On Above 16 Bit Data Path.

Ø Menframe Computer-:> It Work On 32 Bit Data Path And Used In Network Area For Handle Large Ammount Of Data.The Menframe Computer Also Used As Server.

v I.B.M.- Designed 1^st Menframe Computer.

Ø Super Computer-:>  Work On Above 64 Bit Datapath.The Super Computer Is Used For Solving The Complex And Logical Problem By Using Computer. The Super Computer Use Vector Processing For Solving The Problem.

  

v Vector Processing è

Sisd      S= Single

                                            Simd    I= Inatructoin

                                            Misd   M= Multiple

                                            Mimd  D= Data

The Super Computer Perform Fast Calculation By Using Maltiple Processors. The Suoper Computer Work On Real Time  Operating System Where A Deadline Time Is Define For Each Process And The Process Must Be Exeture On Given Time Interval.

            The Super Computer Used In Following Areas Such As

v  Weather Forcasting

v Flight Simulation

v Rocket Launching

v Nuclear Weapons

v Scientific Research

v Semi Data  Analysis

Ø Some Super Computer Are-:> Cray-Xmp,Jaguar,Param,Gnome-13, Anurag Siddharth,Sunway Tihu Light…….

Diagram Of C.P.U. à

Ø C.P.U. Manufacturer Company-:> Amd(Advance Micro Device), Intel, Celoreo ,Cyrex ,Motorola…..

Some Micro Processor-:> Dual Core, Core I³, I⁵ , I⁷ ……

C.P.U. -:>  The Cpu Is Central Processing Unit. It Is Also Know As “Brain Of Computer” The Cpu Manage All The Part Of Computer Like- Input, Output,And Storage System.The Cpu Also  Called Micro Processor That Perform All The Calculations Of Computer.The Cpu Was Invented By John Van Neu Menn…. According To Neu Menn The Cpu Have Basic Component Such As=

1.     Alu= Airthmetic Logic Unit

2.    Cu=   Central Unit

3.    Mu= Memory Unit

C.P.U. Also Attach With Input Output System And Secondary Storage System….

A.L.Uè The Alu  Perform All Math-Matical Operation In Computer. The Logical  Operation Is Also Perform By Alu. In Alu All Mathmatical And Logical  Operation Are Store The Perform The Calculation…

            The Control Unit Transfer The Data Instructions To Alu For Perform Specific Operation….

1.   Airthmatic (Mathmatical) Operator è

+, - , / ,*(Astric), %(Moludo)

2.   Relation/Diffirence/Comparision Operator è

>è Greater      >= è Greater Or Equal

< ð Less             <= ð Less Equal

== ð Equal To != ð Not Equal To

3.   Assignment  Oprater ð  (=)

4.   Logical Operater è 

                                           &  &  à And

                                           !! à Or

                                           ! à Not

5.   Uniary Oparater à  + , - , ++(Increment) ,-- (Decrement)

6.   Bitwire Oparer à

Bitwire  And (&)

Bitwire Or (!)       

7.   Shift Oprater à   ( >> ,<< )

8.   Ternary Opater à   ?, :

Control Unit: à Control Unit Is Connected With Aku And Memory Unit. The Control Unit Use Control Signal For Manage The Processing . The Control Unit Is Responsible For Activating And Deactivating The Device From The System. The Control Unit Input The From Memory Unit And Transfer To Alu For Processing And Other Processing Storage The Result In Memory Unit….

Memory Unit à The Memery Unit Store The Output Data For Limited Time Duration In Temprory And It Is Also Attach With Secondary Memery For Store The Data In Permaneh Format…   

Input System à Keyboard, Mouse , Joystick,  Light Pen, Web Camera ,Scanner ,Bar Code Reader, Omr..

            The Input System In Computer Is Used For Give The Data Instruction For Processing..  There Are Diffirent Type  Of Input Devices  Such As- Kayboard, Mouse , Scanner , Joystick,  Touchpad,  Light Pen , Trackball,  Web Camera , Mic  Etc…

Source Data  Antromation Devices à J

·     OBRà Optical  Barcode Recognition 

·     OMR à Optical Mark Recognition

·     MICR à Magnetic Ink Character 

·     OCRà Optical Character

Memory à  The Memory In Computer  Is Use For Store The Data And Information.The Memory Store The Data In Form Of File And Data like Text  Grafics Audio Video and Other Information.

The First Memory chip Was “mole” That Used To Store Small Set Of Insctriction  .The Memory Store The data In 2 type Of Format.

1-  Temprary

2-  Permanent

The  Temprary  Memory store The Information For Limited Free Duration, but In Permanent Memory The data Is store for Long Time

Memory Hierachy.

                                          

                                 

What Is Memory Hiechey /System/ Informaton? à  The Memory Heirachy Is Related To The Interconnected Of Memory  From Process Are To Secondary Memery.

There Are Diffirent Type Of Memory à

Internal Processor Memory à    The Internal Processor Memory  Is Direct Connected With Micro processor.The Data Wich Is Process By The Processor First Store In Internal Processor Memoy Than It is Transfer to Processor for Processing. There are Two type Of Internal Processor Memory Such As à 

1-  C.P.U. Ragister à The  C.P.U. register store Therev Instructions Which Is Currantly Processsing In Processor.

2-  Cache Memory  à

Ø  It Is Fast memory

Ø The Cache memory is Placedable Processors And RAM

Ø The Cache Memory Work as  bride  b/w RAM And Processors

Ø The Cache Memory Help  To Increased The Processing And Data Transmission speed.

Ø In Cache Memory Those Step Of Intruction are Store Wich Is Ready For Process.

Ø The Cache Memory Is Very Expensive And Non Remoable Memory.

Ø  These Are Diffirent Types Of cache Memory

L1 Cache -: à  Store Small Set Of Intruction (size upto      256kb.)

L2 cache -: à Store  Large Set Of Instraction (Size up to 1024kb)  

Commond For Check Size  Of   Cache à    Run CMD > Wmic ,CPU,   GET  L1Cache Size ,L2  Cache Size or System Info

Primery Memory  è   The  Primery Memory Is Use For Manage all The Process Of The Data  With  Micro Processor. The Primery Memory Also know As Heart Of Computer . In this Memory The Temporary data Is Store For Limited Time duration.

There are two types of Primery memory à    

1-           RAM –

               Types Of RAM

Ø S-RAM- Stafic RAM

Ø D-RAM- Dynamic RAM

Ø SD-RAM- Synchronous Dynamic RAM

Ø RD-RAM- Rambus Dynamic RAM

Ø DD-RAM- Double  Data Rate –RAM

2-          ROM –

    Types Of ROM

Ø P- ROM- Programmable ROM

Ø EP-ROM- Erasable  Programmble ROM

Ø EEP- ROM- Electrical Erasable Programmable ROM

Diffirent b/w ROM & RAM à

In Rom Chip The Data Is Only Access Cannot Accept  Any Changes That Means The Data Wich Is Store In Rom Is Only Access Cannot Be Update.In RAM Data Access  (Read) And Also Updatable..

RAM à  It is “Random Access Memory. The Ram Is Use to temporary Memory Because Its Store limited  Information For small Time   Duration. The RAM Is Work On Proper Management Which is also Called Volatile That means The Data Automatically Loss  When The Power Is  Off.

S RAM & D- RAM- à In SD RAM The Data Store till The Computer Is On And Remove Automatic When The Computer Is Turnn Off .The Operating System File Is Locked 

In D- RAM User File  is  Manage And Refresh The Data  Automatic On Particular Time.

SD- RAM-   Synchronous Dynamic. It Is  a Technic That Used In RAM For For Manage high Volume Of data In Computer. It Load The Required  Data That Process  In Computer Of A Time.

R-RAM-     Rambus Dynamic RAM. It Is A Ram That Used  In Play Station.  Or Gaming Cantrol  Devices ForManage High Graffic Of Data.

DDR-  RAM- à  Double Data Path RAM. This Ram Is GEneraly Used In Laptop, And Desktop. The DDR-RAM Create The Higical memory For Handle The Large amount Of Data. There  Are Different Varity Of DDR- RAM  Like DDR RAM 1 ,DDR RAM 2, DDR RAM3 , DDR RAM 4

 ROM  à  It Is Also Know  As Non volatile Memory Because The Data Have No Effect When The Power Off.The ROM Chip Company And All The Data Is Store In ROM During Manufacturing time.The BIOS (Basic Inout Output System) Is Store In ROM Chip In motherboard

.There Are Diffirent Type of ROM

P- ROM à   it Is Programmable  ROM That Contain the Information Which Is Only Read By The User.

 EP- ROM à   Erazable P-ROM- It Is Also A Rom Chip That data Is Deleted And Store the New Data    In Chip \

EEP. ROM à  Electrical Erazable P. ROM- The Rom Chip Data Can Be Electricaly Deleted And Store  The New information.

Secondary Memory à In Secondary Memory The Data Is Store In Permanet Format.

è In This Memory large Ammount Of Data Is Store.

è It Is Also Non Volatile Memory

è It Is devide  In two Types.

1-  Internal ------------à Hard Disk Drive

2-  External -----------à  CD,DVD,PD, FDD,Etc.

Memory Mesurement Unit è  The Memory Mesurement Unit Is Used For Calculations Of File Size In Computer The Smallest  Unit Of Memory Is “Bit” The Bit Is Also Know As Binary Digit That Represent In 0 Or 1 .Some other Memory Units Are

                              1 Bit= 0 or 1

                                   1 Nibble= 4 Bit

                                   1 Byte =8  Bit

                                   1 Kilobyte (KB) =1024 Byte

                                   1 Mega Byte = 1024 KB

                                   1 Gega Byte = 1024 MB

                                   1 Tera Byte = 1024 GB

1     Peta Byte =1024 TB

                                        1 Exa Byte = 1024  PB

1 Zetta Byte =1024 EB

1 Yetta Byte = 1024 ZB

1 Brantto Byte = 1024 YB

1 Geap Byte = 1024 BB.( Last Memory Unit)

Memory Access Mode  à  The Memory Access Mode Is  Used By The Head For Reading The Data From Memory. There Are two Types Of Memory Access Mode à

1-  Sequantial Access

2-  Direct Access

  Sequancial Access Mode à   In This Mode The Data Is Sequancial (One By One ) Access From The Memory.

ð  In This Mode Is Use In Magnetic Tape Drive.

ð In This Mode The Data Is Access From Starting Of   File To Ending Of File.

ð It Is Very Slow Access Method    

Direct Access Mode è   It Is Fast  access Board That Allow To Access The Data Direct         from The Memory Location. This Access Mode Is Used In CD,DVD, Blueray Disk (BD), Hard Disk Pendrive And Other Memory devices.

Memory Access Time è    The memory Access Time Is A time Which Is Taken By The Head For Read The Data.

1-  SEEK TIME à   it Is a Time which Is Taken By Head For Reading The Data.

2-  LETENCY TIME à  It Is Time Which Is Taken By Head For Travalling To The Data Location Address.